Author Archives: Pantheory Research Organization

The Pantheory Research Organization is announcing its latest scientific research and related scientific journal-published papers and related information

CERRITOS, Calif., Oct. 23, 2025 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) — The Pantheory Research Organization is announcing its latest scientific research and related scientific journal-published papers and related information. Our organization: The Pantheory Research Organization is the author of all the research papers to be discussed here.

Pantheory Research Organizaton: James Webb space telescope can look farther into the most distant universe
Image caption: Image Caption: The James Webb space telescope (JWST) can look farther into the most distant universe than any other visual telescope.

The link that explains this organization’s detail is here: https://www.send2press.com/wire/profile/pantheory-research-organization/

The listing of all of our papers over the last two decades is posted on the online Research discussion organization’s website called ResearchGate, shown in the link here: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Forrest-Noble

The JWST was “functionally confirmed” and the first release of its deep-field photos was in July of 2022. Since that time its most distant observations have continuously contradicted Big Bang cosmology in nearly all of its predictions of deep-field observations. What they saw instead was almost the opposite of what they had predicted. On the other hand, our prior research predictions which were made before the James Webb’s first photos were released have been continuously confirmed by JWST observations based upon our alternative cosmology, the Pan Theory. This is extremely important because neither mainstream cosmology nor any other alternative cosmology has made this many predictions concerning the distant universe that have never been contradicted or required any ad hoc hypotheses.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370201870_Surprising_and_Unexpected_Discoveries_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_Will_Likely_Make_Based_Upon_Our_Research#fullTextFileContent

Since the paper above, we have written two new research papers. The first describes all of the generally well-known Problems and contradictions of mainstream cosmology, which also includes what we believe to be relatively simple answers to these mainstream recognized Big Bang (BB) problems based upon our alternative cosmology the Pan Theory.

Roughly a general conclusion of this first paper is that the past universe looks the same as the local universe because the past universe would be much older than mainstream cosmology could allow, a conclusion sometimes mentioned concerning possibilities concerning such “either or” discussions concerning how old-looking some distant galaxies appear to be.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESS RELEASE?

That the past research paper shown above correctly predicted the future observations of the James Webb, almost completely contrary to mainstream predictions, should draw the reader’s great attention to the basis for these predictions which was the alternative cosmology, the Pan Theory, link below. It also describes our two newest research papers explained below. This combined research presents a much simpler alternative cosmology, one without dark matter, dark energy, without a cosmological constant, Inflation, the expansion of space, etc. The Pan Theory of cosmology has no ad hoc hypotheses within it and has never been contradicted since its conception and presentation more than five decades ago.

https://www.pantheory.org/

Although this cosmology leans somewhat toward a Steady-State like cosmology of a much older universe, the biggest mainstream problem with an older universe is that it contradicts the Hubble Distance formula. Regardless of the redshift and the Hubble constant being considered, the universe according to the Hubble distance formula has an age limit to it thought to be no greater than 16 billion years of age. Another major difference between the two theories is that The Pan theory also proposes that the observable universe as a whole is generally not evolving and that it has no infinities or continuums within it.

The Pan Theory also contradicts the most well-known steady state theories of Hoyle et. al. in that the observable universe: is not expanding, is much older than currently thought, but not infinite in age or size. It accordingly is limited in its quantity of matter, had a beginning to it, and space (without field) can be simply defined as the distance between matter and the volume that the Zero Point Field occupies, no more than this.

To explain away a number of the JWST problems, many mainstream scientists now believe that the universe could have evolved very quickly, “almost instantaneously” (in situ) which we believe is an even bigger stretch of theory because astronomers have a mountain of evidence to explain the minimum time it takes galaxies and supernovae to form and evolve. To explain it differently now would require that the laws of astronomy and physics were very different in the past, which would be another big cosmology problem that would require another big un-testable ad hoc hypothesis to mainstream cosmology.

These new problems, as well as all the other acknowledged Big Bang (BB) problems since the James Webb went up, are “explained-away” by generally simple answers to all of the BB problems based upon our alternative, much simpler cosmology, the Pan Theory.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370212804_Relatively_simple_answers_to_almost_all_the_Well-Known_and_Lesser-Known_Problems_of_Mainstream_Cosmology

However, based solely upon a much older universe, roughly one-fourth of the most distant galactic observations cannot simply be explained. In this case what would the contradictions to both mainstream cosmology and to steady state theories in general be?

What our second and most resent research paper offers are generally unknown theoretical physics equations which are based upon our alternative cosmology, The Pan Theory. We believe this paper explains away all the remaining cosmological problems discussed by a dilation process.

This paper is called “A Complete Scale Relativity Theory proposing a fractal character to the Universe which is not based upon the warping of spacetime or extra-dimensions.” As did our previous supernovae calculation paper, this new research also explains the non-existence of dark energy based upon an alternative distance equation that does not require a Hubble constant, a version of which was presented in our original paper now 12 years old.

This paper, link below, instead is based upon a little-known theory of relativity which we call the Pan Theory of Relativity, which itself is part of the Pan Theory.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387180207_A_Complete_Scale_Relativity_Theory_proposing_a_Fractal_character_of_the_Universe_not_based_upon_the_warping_of_spacetime_or_extra-_dimensions_It_is_the_Result_of_our_second_data-research_study_of_type#fullTextFileContent

This theory of relativity is much simpler than Einstein’s relativity theories. Although it does not replace either of them or change their equations, it renders both of them lees important concerning the overall picture of reality and of the universe.

Concerning relativity theory and the dilation of time (where the length of a second gets longer), Special Relativity refers to special cases where velocities approach the speed of light, and General Relativity refers to the small effects of gravity on the dilation of time. Instead this theory of relativity is assertively much more important in that respect. It states that time itself is not a continuum but dilates (the interval of a second of time gets longer) when looking backward in time through our telescopes such as the JWST, and that time also dilates (the second gets shorter) going forward in time. The extent that time dilates looking backward in time and matter and space get relatively larger, according to the alternative ‘Hubble distance formula,’ is simply a function of the observed redshift.

According to these collective equations, for instance, at a redshift of ‘1’ an interval of time (the second) was twice as long and matter was twice the size 10.48 billion years ago. Looking forward in time the rate that time would pass would be twice as fast and matter half its present size for that same period of time looking forward into the future. Although this time and matter dilation may seem very small and impossible to detect except at cosmic scales, in fact it would have huge consequences for cosmology. For instance looking backward in time at a redshift of nine (z=9), galactic sizes on average would appear to have been 10 times bigger (their relative mass) and the rate of time would have been 10 times slower, as well as the redshift of galactic light would have been 10 times longer (z+1). As to being a theory of relativity, in their own timeframes all galaxies etc. would appear the same to a potential observer there, as they do to us in our local timeframe.

We believe from this perspective and related cosmology, all of the JWST observations and contradictions can be more easily explained and understood. Below are links to some of the well-known problems that can be explained-away by this cosmology and this new, simpler theory of relativity. We believe the word “simpler“can be better understood by readers that can understand the equations in the link above.

https://www.livescience.com/space/cosmology/james-webb-telescope-confirms-huge-crisis-in-our-understanding-of-cosmic-expansion

https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/a-big-ring-in-the-sky-challenges-modern-cosmology/

(as well as many other links that explain the problems with mainstream cosmology today)

OUR OTHER VERY IMPORTANT AND SUCCESSFUL PAST PAPERS:

Theory of Everything 14:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353700439_Theory_of_Everything_14

Grand Unified Theory:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355132702_A_Grand_Unified_Theory

Simple but Exact Calculations of Spiral Galaxy Rotations, explaining away dark matter: A generally unrecognized force of equal importance to gravity (explaining away dark matter and Modified Newtonian Gravity), with exact predictions and statistical justification.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337757736_Simple_but_exact_calculations_of_spiral_galaxy_rotations_without_dark_matter_or_modified_gravity

Standard and Alternative Cosmology: Cosmology that Contradicts the Big Bang

A co-authored book with many interesting insights and equations.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337591972_Standard_and_Alternative_Cosmology

CONTACT INFORMATION:

Attn. Forrest Noble USA at pantheory.org@gmail.com, cell phone numbers (562) 331-8334, (562) 414-8299, and home (562) 924-3313. Please leave a message if necessary and we will get back to you as soon as possible concerning your comments, questions, inquiries, corrections, etc. – with best regards Forrest Noble

MULTIMEDIA:

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Image Caption: The James Webb space telescope (JWST) can look farther into the most distant universe than any other visual telescope.

NEWS SOURCE: Pantheory Research Organization


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The Pantheory Research Organization has announced the release of their new, published scientific research and related journal-published papers

CERRITOS, Calif. /ScoopCloud/ -- The Pantheory Research Organization has announced the release of their new, published scientific research and related journal-published papers. The first paper is called "The Surprising and unexpected discoveries the James Webb Space Telescope will likely make, based upon our research."

This paper describes the many past observations from many different scientific sources that point to "new discoveries." They expect that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) astronomers will likely realize that the galaxies they are observing in the most distant past look the same as galaxies in the local universe. This idea was proposed by Hubble observers and others.

Their prediction says that the evolution of the universe as a whole, according to Big Bang cosmology, probably did not, and does not happen. They cite a great many past observations coming to this same implication. They expect in time that the James Webb astronomers will realize the same thing. They also mention that they expect this will take JWST astronomers at least several more years to discern this because they are using mainstream distance and brightness equations which this paper claims are wrong.

Instead they refer them to a link where they can find alternative "correct equations," which they include in their new paper, link below:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363649063_The_Surprising_and_unexpected_discoveries_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope_will_likely_make_based_upon_our_research

Their second new paper is called "A Clear and Certain Path, Replacing the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model with a more observationally verifiable, and much less-problematic cosmology."

This title is interesting because, for one reason, it means the paper's proposals are probably contrary to mainstream cosmology and upon reading it, that is exactly what the paper proposes, the replacement of the Lambda Cold dark matter cosmology. The paper describes and discusses the great number of problems of mainstream cosmology. After listing some of the more well known and important of these problems, it proposes what they assert to be the "correct answers" to every one of these problems.

Following this discussion the paper makes its own alternative theory proposal. This alternative theory is called the "Pan Theory of Cosmology." Although this theory has been around for many decades and is published in a number of places online, it is very little known but provides its own alternative equations that accordingly discard both dark matter and dark energy and by theory, it eliminates inflation and the entire Big Bang model and included hypotheses.

The link to the preprint version of it is seen below:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370212804_Replacing_the_Lambda_Cold_Dark_Matter_model

Other proposals of their theoretical works have been doing very well concerning scientific readings: their "Grand Unified Theory," and their "Theory of Everything." Both links are shown below:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355132702_A_Grand_Unified_Theory

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353700439_Theory_of_Everything_14

CONTACT:

To the media and all readers, send inquiries and questions to:

Forrest Noble

Pantheory Research Organizaton

EMAIL: pantheory.org@gmail.com | PHONE: (562) 331-8334

News from Pantheory Research Organization

The Pantheory Research Organization has announced the release of their new, published scientific research and related journal-published papers. The first paper is called "The Surprising and unexpected discoveries the James Webb Space Telescope will likely make, based upon our research."

Related link: https://www.pantheory.org/

This version of news story was published on ScoopCloud™ (ScoopCloud.com) - part of and © the Neotrope® News Network - all rights reserved.

Pantheory Research Organization announces paper on a new ‘Theory of Everything’

CERRITOS, Calif. /ScoopCloud/ -- A new "Theory of Everything" is being presented by the Pantheory Research Organization. This theory combines Quantum Mechanics (QM), the theory of the smallest particles, with General Relativity (GR), the theory of gravity and the world of the large, in a theoretical construct which they assert is without contradiction. This is their latest version of the theory that relates to problems in the forefront of modern physics as of the fall of 2021.

The most well-known attempt at such a theory was called String Theory, first developed in the late 1960's. It was a mathematical approach that proposed the existence of many dimensions beyond the three dimensions that we know of, plus time. The problem with this theory was that after more than three decades of theory development, no new predictions were ever acknowledged based upon the theory. Many now consider String Theory as "fringe physics," no longer a part of mainstream physics. One might note that there have been a great many Theory-of-Everything(s) proposed, but almost all of them have been solely mathematical approaches.

This Theory of Everything is based on a very unusual approach to such a theory in that the theory asserts and explains why major aspects of "modern physics," including quantum theory and General Relativity, contain conceptual and other errors. "Modern physics" relates to theories of physics that began development in the early 20th century, Quantum Mechanics and Einstein's theories of relativity being prime examples.

Although Quantum Mechanics is the best statistical and mathematical system available for making predictions in the quantum realm (smallest observable particles), there is no consensus version of it which logically explains quantum behavior -- simply that logic is the all-important missing ingredient of Quantum Mechanics, according to this Theory of Everything.

General Relativity (Einstein's theory of gravity) also has its own limitations according to this proposal. This theory proposes what it describes as a much simpler theory concerning the worlds of the big and small combined. According to this theory the Zero Point Fiend (ZPF) dominates both the quantum realm and overwhelms gravity at the largest scales of the universe via background field flow.

Some of the new and contrary assertions of this theory are:

* Light is a wave and only becomes a particle (photon) upon its interference or detection by instrumentation.

* A cosmological constant does not exist.

* The highly regarded Hubble distance formula is wrong, an alternative formula is presented.

* Dark Energy does not exist for reasons presented. Alternative equations are presented.

* Dark Matter does not exist as a major part of the universe, if at all. Alternative equations are presented.

* The "Inflation" hypothesis is wrong; asserting there was never was such an event.

* Einstein's gravity is only a minor factor in determining the structure and form of the observable universe. New equations are presented.

* The Big Bang theory is almost entirely wrong. Alternative theory is presented.

New equations presented:

A New galactic distance equation; A New brightness equation, new equations to determine spiral galaxy rotation profiles, as well as the same equations enabling better predictions of galaxy cluster rotation profiles.

Some of the predictions of this Theory are:

* The Zero Point Field will be realized as controlling both the worlds of the small and of the large via its short-lived virtual particles and its generally unknown field flow characteristics and forces.

* The speed of light is not constant everywhere in the universe.

* At the farthest distances we will find just as many old appearing galaxies as we can observe near us. This is because these galaxies really are old, and the universe far older than what is presently believed.

* The observable universe is expanding little if at all. The Hubble constant and the Hubble distance equation are simply wrong.

* Many small "hot spots" in the cosmic microwave background will be found by the newest telescopes, which are made up of the most distant observable fully-formed galaxies.

* Part of the Micro-wave background is moving. This is because the microwave background is accordingly unrelated to the Big Bang; it is simply the temperature of matter in space based upon galactic radiation, with the temperature distribution and temperature caramelization caused by the Zero Point Field.

In addition to this online paper of the "Theory of Everything," on the same link below is another theory by the same author called: "Grand Unified Theory (analogue)." This additional theory explains all of the so-called forces of nature and how they relate to each other, not explained by this T.O.E.

Link to this Theory of Everything: https://papers.pantheory.org/

Reference links: http://www.pantheory.org/

https://www.send2press.com/wire/profile/pantheory-research-organization/

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7ONCj-kAAAAJ&hl=en

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Forrest-W.-Noble/145379276

MEDIA CONTACT:

Forrest Noble

Pantheory Research Organization

pantheory.org@gmail.com

News from Pantheory Research Organization

A new "Theory of Everything" is being presented by the Pantheory Research Organization. This theory combines Quantum Mechanics (QM), the theory of the smallest particles, with General Relativity (GR), the theory of gravity and the world of the large, in a theoretical construct which they assert is without contradiction. This is their latest version of the theory that relates to problems in the forefront of modern physics as of the fall of 2021.

This version of news story was published on ScoopCloud™ (ScoopCloud.com) - part of and © the Neotrope® News Network - all rights reserved.

‘Dark Matter probably does not exist’ was a major conclusion of an extensive research study, finished in 2020

CERRITOS, Calif. /ScoopCloud/ -- According to the Pantheory Research Organization, a multi-year study of many dozens of randomly-chosen spiral galaxies has concluded that dark matter probably does not exist. According to the paper's lead author Forrest Noble, this conclusion was based upon a number of factors: First, that the observable matter of spiral galaxies was all that was needed to exactly predict their observed velocity profiles.

Next, that dark matter is a very poor predictor of spiral galaxy rotation profiles and galaxy cluster anomalies. Also, the related statistics show that the study's own proposed model exactly predicts stellar velocities within spiral galaxies to the highest degree of statistical confidence. Additionally, because dark matter fails to explain or correctly predict many galaxy- cluster observation anomalies, all of which can easily be explained by the study's own proposed alternative.

The belief in dark matter has been a major part of astronomy since the mid 1970's. It is presently believed by most mainstream astronomers to be the source of nearly all the so-called gravitational anomalies within the observable universe. It is believed to increase velocities within spiral galaxies, galaxy clusters, and to be the cause of the observed increased bending and lensing of light, and other observation anomalies at the largest scales of the observable universe. Instead, this study concludes that dark matter predictions are often inaccurate when a method to substantiate its predictions is available, and especially inaccurate concerning spiral galaxies.

The alternative model proposed by this new research is called the Field Flow and Vortex (FFV) model. Like dark matter this model proposes a physical background field as the cause of the increased observed velocities. But unlike dark matter this field is accordingly made up of non-matter particulates or virtual particles. Instead of the gravitational influences of dark matter enabling the increased velocities observed within spiral galaxies, the study proposes that background field-flow velocities are the cause of increased stellar velocities based upon the field's mundane contact pushing forces. This also applies to velocities of galaxies within a cluster and the excess bending of light.

They also propose that background-field-flow could also initiate large scale cluster flows like the dark flow. This presently unknown field-flow energy is asserted to have only 1/5th the mass equivalence required by the dark matter proposal. The study claims the likelihood of this proposal is based upon its "obviously exact predictions of spiral galaxy velocity profiles."

Aside from their own studies, studies by others are cited within the paper which show the inability of dark matter in explaining light aberrations and arcs within galaxy clusters. They also cite a very recent study showing unexplained rotation-direction correlations of galaxies to each other within a cluster, where the galaxies are far too distant from each other to be explainable by the increased effects of gravity via dark matter - all of which they claim can be readily explained by their background-field-flow model.

Another main conclusion of the paper is that background-field-flow accelerates the formation of both galaxies and galaxy clusters, and rivals gravity as to determining the form and large-scale structures of the universe.

Link to the ResearchGate, preprint of paper: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7ONCj-kAAAAJ&hl=en#d=gs_md_cita-d&u=%2Fcitations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Den%26user%3D7ONCj-kAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3D7ONCj-kAAAAJ%3Ad1gkVwhDpl0C%26tzom%3D480

This paper's expected release-date is May 2021.

Contact author Forrest Noble, director of the Pantheory Research Organization, pantheory.org@gmail.com or call (562) 924-3313, or (562) 331-8334 (cell) to answer any questions regarding this study and paper.

News from Pantheory Research Organization

According to the Pantheory Research Organization, a multi-year study of many dozens of randomly-chosen spiral galaxies has concluded that dark matter probably does not exist. According to the paper's lead author Forrest Noble, this conclusion was based upon a number of factors: First, that the observable matter of spiral galaxies was all that was needed to exactly predict their observed velocity profiles.

This version of news story was published on ScoopCloud™ (ScoopCloud.com) - part of and © the Neotrope® News Network - all rights reserved.

Problems with Big Bang Cosmology

James Webb Space Telescope

MONTREAL, Quebec, Canada, June 30, 2015 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- According to the Pantheory Research Organization in their recent research study, entitled "Observations that Seem to Contradict the Big Bang Model...," they summarized problems associated with many present and past distant galaxy observations that seem to contradict the Big Bang model (BB).

Many or most of these observations were made using the Hubble Space Telescope as well as very long baseline radio telescopes, needed to observe the great distances involved.

This summary of perceived problems lists most of the well-known problems with the Big Bang model, along with some lesser known problems that also could seriously undermine the model. An example of a lesser known BB problem concerns an important observational study and modeling attempt concerning gravity.

The related paper concluded that: "we do not seem to have the correct theory of gravity." This statement involves Newtonian and Einsteinian gravity as they relate to the Big Bang model, the dark matter hypothesis, and the contradictory observations amassed for the related study.

The Big Bang Theory problems discussed in great detail within this paper are:

The Horizon Problem, The Flatness Problem, The Density Problem, the Universe structure Formation Problem, The Anachronistic Galaxy Problem, The Anachronistic Black Hole Problem, The Metallicity Problem, The Gravity Problem, The Distance-Brightness Problem. Problems with mainstream hypothesis are also discussed in detail, specifically dark matter, dark energy, and the Inflation hypothesis.

This paper asserts that the listed Big Bang problems are more easily explained, or do not exist at all with the proposed alternative cosmology called the Pan Theory, which can be found on any search engine. Most of these BB problems also do not exist with most steady state models.

Even more distant observations than those in this study, to the supposed edge of the Big Bang universe in time, are expected to be observable with the new James Webb space telescope when it goes up and becomes fully functional, maybe by 2019.

If they find at that time, as expected, nothing but bright blue, young appearing galaxies, then all cosmologies proposing a much older or infinite aged universe will be in serious jeopardy of being disproved. On the other hand, if they find at the farthest distances any very large, red, or old appearing galaxies like those summarized in this paper, then the Big Bang model would likewise be in serious jeopardy of being disproved, which is expected by the authors based upon the general conclusions of the study.

The summary Conclusion of the paper is that the Big Bang model is probably the wrong model of cosmology, for reasons concerning the above and related problems, as explained within the paper.

Link to paper: http://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_9_September_2014/2.pdf .

Contact author Forrest Noble: 562-924-3313 or pantheory.org@gmail.com.

* IMAGE for media: Send2Press.com/mediaboom/15-0630-webbtelescope-300dpi.jpg

* Image Caption: Artist's rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope, which could likely confirm or contradict Big Bang cosmology according to the authors. (Image compliments of NASA.)

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NEWS SOURCE Pantheory Research Organization :: This press release was issued on behalf of the news source (who is solely responsible for its accuracy) by and Copr. © 2015 Send2Press® Newswire, a service of Neotrope®.

A New Research Study Has Concluded that Dark Energy Probably Does Not Exist

Hubble Space Telescope

MONTREAL, Quebec, Canada, March 7, 2014 (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- According to the Pantheory Research Organization, a new study of type 1a supernova data has concluded, for the first time, that dark energy probably does not exist. The paper is entitled "An Alternative Universe-Scale Analytic Metrology and Related Cosmological Model." The paper was published in the February 2014 issue of the journal of Applied Physics Research, by the Canadian Center of Science and Education.

This new research study involves "an analysis of type 1a supernovae data with newly proposed distance and brightness equations which, if valid, would eliminate the need for changing expansion rates of the universe vis-a-vis dark energy." This conclusion was based upon researchers comparing Big Bang related Hubble formula distance calculations with alternative-cosmology derived distance and brightness equations and related calculations, concerning a present-day study of type 1a supernova observations.

The subject paper used the same type 1a supernovae data as the original studies and papers that proposed the accelerated expansion of the universe, but this and other present-day studies now include much more data since the quantity of international observations of type 1a supernovae has multiplied greatly since then. At the time of the original studies in the 1990's that proposed the accelerated expansion of the universe, there were at least two unstated assumptions being made.

The first well-accepted assumption then and now was that space is expanding, and the second assumption was that the Hubble Formula calculates distances correctly based upon a constant expansion rate of the universe. The Hubble Distance Formula was derived from the Special Theory of Relativity based upon an expanding universe. The authors of this paper say that if either or both of these assumptions were wrong, then dark energy could be an invalid hypothesis even though the Nobel Prize was granted for its discovery.

The non-standard cosmology used as the basis for deriving the alternative equations and calculations used for comparison in the study is called the "Pan Theory."

"Major conclusions of the study were that the observable universe is probably not expanding also precluding its accelerated expansion (dark energy), and that the Hubble Distance Formula is wrong and needs to be replaced," say the authors Forrest W. Noble and Timothy M. Cooper.

Link to paper: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/apr/article/view/32603 .

Contact author Forrest Noble: (562) 924-3313 or pantheory.org@gmail.com.

* Photo Caption: The Hubble Space Telescope has been used to find and observe many supernovae since its first use. Photograph compliments of NASA and ESA.

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NEWS SOURCE Pantheory Research Organization :: This press release was issued on behalf of the news source (who is solely responsible for its accuracy) by and Copr. © 2014 Send2Press® Newswire, a service of Neotrope®.